Courts in the federal system work differently in many ways than state courts. The primary difference for civil cases as opposed to criminal cases is the types of cases that can be heard in the federal system.
Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, meaning they can only hear cases authorized by the United States Constitution or federal statutes. The federal district court is the starting point for any case arising under federal statutes, the Constitution, or treaties. The plaintiff has the initial choice of bringing the case in state or federal court. Note: the rules for diversity jurisdiction are much more complicated than explained here.
Criminal cases may not be brought under diversity jurisdiction. States may only bring criminal prosecutions in state courts, and the federal government may only bring criminal prosecutions in federal court. Also important to note, the principle of double jeopardy — which does not allow a defendant to be tried twice for the same charge — does not apply between the federal and state government.
If, for example, the state brings a murder charge and does not get a conviction, it is possible for the federal government in some cases to file charges against the defendant if the act is also illegal under federal law. They may also be removed by impeachment by the House of Representatives and conviction by the Senate. Throughout history, fifteen federal judges have been impeached due to alleged wrongdoing.
One exception to the lifetime appointment is for magistrate judges, which are selected by district judges and serve a specified term.
The district courts are the general trial courts of the federal court system. Each district court has at least one United States District Judge, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate for a life term.
District courts handle trials within the federal court system — both civil and criminal. The districts are the same as those for the U. Attorneys, and the U. Attorney is the primary prosecutor for the federal government in his or her respective area.
There are over district court judges nationwide. Justices may also participate in a case by listening to audio recordings of the oral arguments and reading the transcripts.
How many cases are appealed to the Court each year and how many cases does the Court hear? The Court receives approximately 7,, petitions for a writ of certiorari each Term. The Court grants and hears oral argument in about 80 cases. When did the Supreme Court first meet? The first meeting of the Court was scheduled to take place in New York City on Monday, February 1, , but the lack of a quorum only three of the six Justices were present delayed the official opening until the following day, Tuesday, February 2, Who were the members of the first Supreme Court?
Where did the Court first meet? Where else has the Court met? From February to the present, the Court has met in the city of Washington. After using several temporary locations in the U. Capitol, the Court settled into a courtroom on the ground floor of the North Wing where it met from to excluding the years the courtroom was repaired after the British burned the Capitol in Today this room is known as the Old Supreme Court Chamber.
From to , the Court met in what is known today as the Old Senate Chamber. When did the Supreme Court Building open? The Supreme Court sat for the first time in its own building on October 7, It had opened for visitors during the summer of Charles Evans Hughes was Chief Justice.
The State law shall be void unless it has received the assent of the President, and in such case, shall prevail in that State. Laws made by Parliament may extend throughout or in any part of the territory of India and those made by State Legislatures may generally apply only within the terrirory of the State concerned. Hence, variations are likely to exist from State to State in provisions of law relating to matters falling in the State and Concurrent Lists.
One of the unique features of the Indian Constitution is that, notwithstanding the adoption of a federal system and existence of Central Acts and State Acts in their respective spheres, it has generally provided for a single integrated system of Courts to administer both Union and State laws.
At the apex of the entire judicial system, exists the Supreme Court of India below which are the High Courts in each State or group of States. Below the High Courts lies a hierarchy of Subordinate Courts. Different State laws provide for different kinds of jurisdiction of courts. Each State is divided into judicial districts presided over by a District and Sessions Judge, which is the principal civil court of original jurisdiction and can try all offences including those punishable with death.
The Sessions Judge is the highest judicial authority in a district. The inauguration took place in the Chamber of Princes in the Parliament building which also housed India's Parliament, consisting of the Council of States and the House of the People. It was here, in this Chamber of Princes, that the Federal Court of India had sat for 12 years between and This was to be the home of the Supreme Court for years that were to follow until the Supreme Court acquired its own present premises.
The inaugural proceedings were simple but impressive. They began at 9. Das - took their seats. Along with the Attorney General for India, M. Present too, were Prime Minister, other Ministers, Ambassadors and diplomatic representatives of foreign States, a large number of Senior and other Advocates of the Court and other distinguished visitors.
Taking care to ensure that the Rules of the Supreme Court were published and the names of all the Advocates and agents of the Federal Court were brought on the rolls of the Supreme Court, the inaugural proceedings were over and put under part of the record of the Supreme Court.
After its inauguration on January 28, , the Supreme Court commenced its sittings in a part of the Parliament House.
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