For this reason, it is preferable to take a B complex vitamin. This should be taken after eating, with water. Royal jelly contains vitamin B5 so care should be taken not to consume royal jelly alongside a vitamin B5 supplement. Vitamin B5 can interact with some drugs. It may interfere with the absorption and effectiveness of the antibiotic , Tetracycline. These drugs include donepezil Aricept , memantine hydrochloride Ebixa , galantamine Reminyl and rivastigmine Exelon.
Taking supplements with these drugs could lead to adverse effects. People who use blood-thinning drugs, such as warfarin Coumadin or aspirin should take care when using vitamin B5 supplements, as B5 can increase the risk of bleeding. Women should not take more than 6 mg a day when pregnant, and 7 mg when breast-feeding, as it may not be safe.
It is always best to check with a doctor before taking a supplement, especially for people with an existing health condition and those who are taking other drugs. New research examines whether genetic predisposition to high vitamin D levels affects overall health and mortality risk.
What are some of the best omega-3 supplements? Learn about the possible benefits of these supplements and what to look for when buying them. The best vitamin brands are transparent about their testing and quality control practices.
Here, find 14 of these brands and learn about what they…. Reanalyzing data from a s trial suggests that the amount of daily vitamin C needed for good health may be much higher than some experts currently…. Some intake information is available from other Western populations. For example, a — study in New Brunswick, Canada, found average daily pantothenic acid intakes of 4.
Because some pantothenic acid is present in almost all foods, deficiency is rare except in people with severe malnutrition [ 1 , 4 ]. When someone has a pantothenic acid deficiency, it is usually accompanied by deficiencies in other nutrients, making it difficult to identify the effects that are specific to pantothenic acid deficiency [ 1 ].
The only individuals known to have developed pantothenic acid deficiency were fed diets containing virtually no pantothenic acid or were taking a pantothenic acid metabolic antagonist [ 3 ]. On the basis of the experiences of prisoners of war in World War II and studies of diets lacking pantothenic acid in conjunction with administration of an antagonist of pantothenic acid metabolism, a deficiency is associated with numbness and burning of the hands and feet, headache, fatigue, irritability, restlessness, disturbed sleep, and gastrointestinal disturbances with anorexia [ 1 , 4 , 6 , 14 , 15 ].
People with a pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration 2 mutation Pantothenic acid kinase is an enzyme that is essential for CoA and phosphopantetheine production.
It is the principle enzyme associated with the metabolic pathway that is responsible for CoA synthesis. PKAN is a type of neurodegeneration associated with brain iron accumulation [ 4 ].
A large number of PANK2 mutations reduce the activity of pantothenate kinase 2, potentially decreasing the conversion of pantothenic acid to CoA and thus reducing CoA levels [ 2 ]. The manifestations of PKAN can include dystonia contractions of opposing groups of muscles , spasticity, and pigmentary retinopathy [ 2 , 4 , 16 ].
Its progression is rapid and leads to significant disability and loss of function [ 16 ]. Treatment focuses primarily on reducing symptoms [ 17 ]. Whether pantothenate supplementation is beneficial in PKAN is not known, but some anecdotal reports indicate that supplements can reduce symptoms in some patients with atypical PKAN [ 18 ]. Several clinical trials have shown that the form of pantothenic acid known as pantethine reduces lipid levels when taken in large amounts [ 20 ], but pantothenic acid itself does not appear to have the same effects [ 1 ].
A review included 28 small clinical trials average sample size of 22 participants that examined the effect of pantethine supplements median daily dose of mg for an average of On average, the supplements were associated with triglyceride declines of The corresponding declines in total cholesterol were 8. The corresponding increases in high-density lipoprotein HDL cholesterol were 6.
All participants also received dietary counseling. Triglyceride levels dropped by a significant Concentrations of total cholesterol and non—HDL cholesterol also declined modestly but significantly from baseline.
However, these declines might have been due, at least in part, to the dietary counseling that the participants received. Additional studies are needed to determine whether pantethine supplementation has a beneficial effect on hyperlipidemia independently of, and together with, eating a heart-healthy diet. The FNB was unable to establish ULs for pantothenic acid because there are no reports of pantothenic acid toxicity in humans at high intakes.
Some individuals taking large doses of pantothenic acid supplements e. The federal government's — Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that "Because foods provide an array of nutrients and other components that have benefits for health, nutritional needs should be met primarily through foods.
In some cases, fortified foods and dietary supplements are useful when it is not possible otherwise to meet needs for one or more nutrients e. For more information about building a healthy dietary pattern, refer to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the U. Department of Agriculture's MyPlate.
Pantothenic acid is a precursor and vital component for the production of acetyl coenzyme A, an essential substrate for acetylcholine synthesis. Pantothenic acid belongs to the water-soluble B vitamin family and is an essential ingredient in the enzymes necessary for metabolizing carbohydrates and fats.
Since pantothenic acid participates in a wide array of key biological roles, it is essential to all forms of life. As such, deficiencies in pantothenic acid may have numerous wide-ranging effect. Pantothenic acid PA is found in a broad range of foods such as fish, beef, whole grains, dairy, eggs, mushrooms, peanuts and other legumes, cashews, broccoli, soybeans, and avocados, and most whole foods contain some PA. Deficiency of PA is virtually unknown because of its broad availability in food sources.
When applied topically, dexpanthenol is readily absorbed and rapidly converted enzymatically to pantothenic acid , a constituent of coenzyme A 3. Dexpanthenol acts like a moisturizer with barrier-improving properties and it has wound healing effects. Dexpanthenol improves skin hydration when applied topically. The hydrating effect seems to be interrelated with its capacity to regenerate the epidermal barrier 1.
Dexpanthenol restores and protects the skin barrier function by as yet unknown mechanisms 1. Topically Dexpanthenol may penetrate deeper into the epidermis and interfere with the production of barrier Lipids Lipids are large hydrocarbon molecules that comprise one of the building blocks of the structure and function of living cells.
Examples of lipids include fats, oils, waxes, certain vitamins, hormones and most of the non-protein membrane of cells. Lipids are described as having "lipophilic" In fact, it has been suggested that dexpanthenol promotes epidermal regeneration by enhancing epidermal differentiation and lipid synthesis 6.
In a study, it was concluded that panthenol protected skin integrity together with a significant reduction of transepidermal water loss TEWL after two hours application of a formulation of 1. Topical application of dexpanthenol has a clear role as skin care product during post-inflammatory atopic dermatitis AD due to its proven skin moisturization and skin barrier restoration potential 1. Dexpanthenol at a concentration of 2. There have been numerous studies demonstrating the favorable moisturizing, skin healing, skin protecting and barrier improving capabilities of panthenol 1.
The usefulness of dexpanthenol -containing ointments in the management of nappy rash is well studied and well known 1. Due to the lack of reports of adverse effects when the Dietary Reference Intakes DRI for pantothenic acid were established in , the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine did not establish a tolerable upper intake level UL for pantothenic acid However, gastrointestinal side effects, such as nausea and heartburn, have been reported Yet, a few cases of skin irritation, contact dermatitis , and eczema have been reported with the use of dexpanthenol-containing ointments 32, Large doses of pantothenic acid have the potential to compete with biotin for intestinal and cellular uptake by the human sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter hSMVT 27 , Oral contraceptives birth control pills containing estrogen and progestin may increase the requirement for pantothenic acid Use of pantethine in combination with cholesterol-lowering drugs called statins HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors or with nicotinic acid see the article on Niacin may produce additive effects on blood lipids More data are needed to define the amount of dietary pantothenic acid required to promote optimal health or prevent chronic disease.
A varied diet should provide enough pantothenic acid for most people. There is currently little evidence that older adults differ in their intake of or their requirement for pantothenic acid. Originally written in by: Jane Higdon, Ph.
Updated in August by: Jane Higdon, Ph. Updated in May by: Jane Higdon, Ph. Updated in April by: Victoria J. Drake, Ph. Updated in April by: Barbara Delage, Ph. Reviewed in July by: Robert B. Rucker, Ph. Trumbo PR. Pantothenic acid. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease.
Coenzyme A biosynthetic machinery in mammalian cells. Biochem Soc Trans. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. Ames: Wiley-Blackwell; Bauerly K, Rucker RB. Handbook of vitamins. Takahashi A, Mizusawa K. Posttranslational modifications of proopiomelanocortin in vertebrates and their biological significance. Front Endocrinol Lausanne. The growing landscape of lysine acetylation links metabolism and cell signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. The phosphopantetheinyl transferases: catalysis of a post-translational modification crucial for life.
Nat Prod Rep. Mechanism and substrate recognition of human holo ACP synthase. Chem Biol. J Biol Chem. Acyl carrier protein-specific 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase activates formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase. Chem Biol Interact. Pantothenic acid deficiency in man. J Clin Invest. Metabolic response to a pantothenic acid deficient diet in humans. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol Tokyo. Bender DA. Optimum nutrition: thiamin, biotin and pantothenate.
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